Friday, 26 May 2017

Reading Your Way Around UAC (Part 2)

We left Part 1 with the knowledge that normal user processes in a split-token admin logon can get access to TerminateQueryLimitedInformation and Synchronize process access rights to elevated processes. This was due to the normal user and admin user having a Default DACL which grants Execute access to the current Logon Session which is set for all tokens on the same desktop. The question we're left with is how can this possibly be used to elevate your privileges? Let's see how we can elevate our privileges prior to Windows 10.

Of the 3 access rights we have, both Terminate and Synchronize are really not that interesting. Sure you could be a dick to yourself I suppose and terminate your processes, but that doesn't seem much of interest. Instead it's QueryLimitedInformation which is likely to provide the most amusement, what information can we get with that access right? A quick hop, skip and jump to MSDN is in order. The following is from a page on Process Security and Access Rights:

PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION (0x0400)
Required to retrieve certain information about a process, such as its token, exit code, and priority class (see OpenProcessToken).

PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION (0x1000)
Required to retrieve certain information about a process (see GetExitCodeProcess, GetPriorityClass, IsProcessInJob, QueryFullProcessImageName). A handle that has the PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION access right is automatically granted PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION.
Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP:  This access right is not supported.

This at least confirms one thing from Part 1, that if you have QueryInformation access you automatically get QueryLimitedInformation as well. So it'd seem to make sense that QueryLimitedInformation just gives you a subset of what you could access from the full QueryInformation. And if this documentation is anything to go by all the things you could access are dull. But QueryInformation highlights something which would be very interesting to get hold of, the process token. We can double check I suppose, let's look at the documentation for OpenProcessToken to see what it says about required access.


ProcessHandle [in]
A handle to the process whose access token is opened. The process must have the PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION access permission.
Well that seals it, nothing to see here, move along. Wait, never believe anything you read. Perhaps this is really "Fake Documentation" (*topical* if you're reading this in 2020 from a nuclear fallout shelter just ignore it). Why don't we just try it and see (make sure your previously elevated copy of mmc.exe is still running):

Use-NtObject($ps = Get-NtProcess -Name mmc.exe) { Get-NtToken -Primary -Process $ps[0] } | Format-List -Property User, TokenType, GrantedAccess, IntegrityLevel

And then where we might expect to see an error message we instead get:

User : domain\user TokenType : Primary GrantedAccess : AssignPrimary, Duplicate, Impersonate, Query,
QuerySource, ReadControl IntegrityLevel : High

This shows we've opened the process' primary token, been granted a number of rights and to be sure we print the IntegrityLevel property to prove it's really a privileged token (more or less for reasons which will become clear).

What's going on? Basically the documentation is wrong, you don't need QueryInformation to open the process token only QueryLimitedInformation. You can disassemble NtOpenProcessTokenEx in the kernel if you don't believe me:

NTSTATUS NtOpenProcessTokenEx(HANDLE ProcessHandle, ACCESS_MASK DesiredAccess, DWORD HandleAttributes, PHANDLE TokenHandle) { EPROCESS* ProcessObject; NTSTATUS status = ObReferenceObjectByHandle( ProcessHandle, PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION, PsProcessType, &ProcessObject, NULL); ... }

Going back to Vista it's always been the case that only QueryLimitedInformation was needed, contrary to the documentation. While you still need to be able to access the token through it's DACL it turns out that Token objects also use the Default DACL so it grants Read and Execute access to the Logon Session SID. But doesn't the Token have the same mandatory policy as Processes? Well let's look, we can modify the IL Policy dump script from Part 1 to use a token object:

# Get current primary token's mandatory label $sacl = $(Get-NtToken -Primary).SecurityDescriptor.Sacl Write-Host "Policy is $([NtApiDotNet.MandatoryLabelPolicy]$sacl[0].Mask)"

And the result is: "Policy is NoWriteUp". So while we can't modify the token (we couldn't anyway due to the Default DACL) we can at least read it. But again this might not seem especially interesting, what use is Read access? As shown earlier Read gives you gives you a few interesting rights, AssignPrimary, Duplicate and Impersonate. What's to stop you now creating a new Process, or Impersonating the token? Well I'd refer you to my presentation at Shakacon/Blackhat on this very topic. To cut a long story short creating a new process is virtually impossible due to the the limits imposed by the kernel function SeIsTokenAssignableToProcess (and the lack of the SeAssignPrimaryTokenPrivilege) but on the other hand impersonation takes a different approach, calling SeTokenCanImpersonate as shown in the following diagram.


The diagram is the rough flow chart for deciding whether a process can impersonate another token (assuming you don't have SeImpersonatePrivilege, which we don't). We can meet every criteria, except one. The kernel checks if the current process's IL is greater-or-equal to the token being impersonated. If the process IL is less than the token's IL then the impersonation token is dropped to Identification level stopping us using it to elevate our privileges. While we can't increase a token's IL we can reduce it, so all we need to do is set the token IL to the same as the process' IL before impersonating and in theory we should become a Medium IL administrator.

There is one small issue to deal with before we do that, setting the IL is a write operation, and we don't have write access to the token. However it turns out that as we have Duplicate we can call DuplicateToken which clones the entire token. We'd need get an impersonation token anyway which requires duplication so this isn't a major issue. The important fact is the resulting duplicated token gives us a Read, Write, and Execute access to the token object. As the Token object's Mandatory Label is set to the caller's IL (which is Medium) not the IL inside the token. This results in the kernel being able to grant us full access to the new token object, confusing I know. Note that this isn't giving us Write access to the original token, just a copy of it. Time for PoC||GtfO:

$token = Use-NtObject($ps = Get-NtProcess -Name mmc.exe) { Get-NtToken -Primary -Process $ps[0] -Duplicate ` -ImpersonationLevel Impersonation ` -TokenType Impersonation ` -IntegrityLevel Medium } Use-NtObject($token.Impersonate()) { [System.IO.File]::WriteAllText("C:\windows\test.txt", "Hello") }

And you should see it creates a text file, C:\Windows\test.txt with the contents Hello. Or you could use the New-Service cmdlet to create a new service which will run as LocalSystem, you're an administrator after all even if running at Medium IL. You might be tempted to just enable SeDebugPrivilege and migrate to a system process directly, but if you try that something odd happens:

# Will indicate SeDebugPrivilege is disabled $token.GetPrivilege("SeDebugPrivilege").Enabled # Try enabling the privilege. $token.SetPrivilege("SeDebugPrivilege", $true) # Check again, will still be disabled. $token.GetPrivilege("SeDebugPrivilege").Enabled

You'll find that no matter how hard you try SeDebugPrivilege (and things like SeBackupPrivilege, SeRestorePrivilege) just cannot be enabled. This is another security measure that the UAC designers chose which in practice makes little realistic difference. You can't enable a small set of GOD privileges if the IL of the token is less than High. However you can still enable things like SeMountVolumePrivilege (could have some fun with that) or SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege. We'll get back to this behavior later as it turns out to be important. Most importantly this behavior doesn't automatically disable the Administrators group which means we can still impersonate as a privileged user.

This works amazingly well as long as you run the example on Windows Vista, 7, 8 or 8.1. However on Windows 10 you'll get an error such as the following:

Use-NtObject : Exception calling "WriteAllText" with "2" argument(s): "Either a required impersonation level was not provided, or the provided impersonation level is invalid.

This error message means that the SeTokenCanImpersonate check check failed and the impersonation token got reverted to an Identification token. Clearly Microsoft know's something we don't. So that's where I'll leave it for now, come back when I post Part 3 for the conclusion, specifically getting this to work on Windows 10 and bypassing the new security checks.